The Development Theory Erik Erikson Psychosocial...

Planning The process that was required from the group members to complete the Alhambra community intervention project includes our group norms and rules, meeting breakdowns, and our roles, responsibilities and contribution in this project shown in Appendix B. Theories The development theory chosen was Erik Erikson psychosocial development. The focus was on two of the eight stages, which includes adolescents (12 to 18 years) - identity vs. identity diffusion, and young adults (18 to 35 years) - intimacy vs. isolation. According to Papalia, Feldman, Martorell (2012), Erik Erikson stated that during the identity vs. identity diffusion stage, the adolescent must determine own sense of self. Development at this point in life depends on what a person does. On the other hand, young adults seek to make commitment to others during the intimacy vs. isolation stage. This stage is where people tend to seek compassion and love. The group decided to use Erikson s theory as a guide in choosing the focus group because it seems that this is the stage where individuals are more acceptable to new knowledge and change. In regards to the educational theory, the group chose the Health Belief Model. According to Orji, Vassileva and Mandryk (2012), this theory focuses mainly on health determinants that are most suitable for addressing problem behavior that have health consequences. Health belief model has six variables: a) perceived susceptibility (perceived risk and concern for contracting theShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1359 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson â€Å"There is in every child at every stage a new miracle of vigorous unfolding.† And no matter who you are and what you do, I believe that everyone will go through stages in their life. Erik Erikson was a famous psychologist in the twentieth – century, where he developed â€Å"Psychosocial stages†. Erikson’s theories centered on issues that were met on specific ages in someone’s life. Love, care, and tender is critical and many parents do not realize how much nurturing and caring for a childRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Of Development1582 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Erik Erikson, a German psychologist of the early 1900s, is most known for his theory on psychosocial development in humans. He was heavily influenced by his work with Anna Freud and her father, Sigmund Freud. However, in his research, he put emphasis on the cultural and social impact on identity development and studying the ego, which he believed developed with successful crisis resolving throughout life (â€Å"Erikson’s Stages†, 2007). He proposed theRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson is known as â€Å"The Father of Psychosocial Development† due to his work in the field of developmental psychology. Two of his most well known achievements are coining the term lifespan development and his eight stage theory of psychosocial development. Erikson was born on June 15, 1902, in Frankfurt, Germany. Although he had converted to Christianity from Judaism, Erikson and his family fled to The United States during World War II due to the Nazi rule over Germany. On May 12, 1994, ErikRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. TrustRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1445 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson’s theory was influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud s work, Erikson s theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1007 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson was a German born, American developmental psychologist. He is known best for his theory of psychosocial development, and creating the phrase â€Å"identity crisis†. He practiced after Freud, adopting some and disagreeing with some of his theories. Erikson continued the theory of the id, ego, and superego. However, unlike Freud, Erikson believed that personality development cannot be explained or identified solely based on sexuality. He believed that society and culture also influence

The First Two Years Body And Mind - 1299 Words

1. Chapter 3 â€Å"The First Two Years: Body and Mind† section â€Å"Surviving in Good Health† is about the development of humans during their first two years of life. It explains infant survival and maternal education (Berger, 104). Studies show that educated women have healthier children due to the fact that they are much more informed about the health factors such when it comes to children. In contrast to uneducated women, educated women have less children than those who are uneducated. (Berger, 104) Another point in this topic that is essential is the research and studies that this chapter provides, such as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), immunizations, and nutrition (Berger,105-108). Immunization among children, especially infants, are highly pursued so they are not threatened by deadly diseases such as smallpox, polio, and measles (Berger, 107). Although, â€Å"infants tend to react irritable and feverish for a day or so,† from the vaccines, itâ€℠¢s concluded that the side effects from vaccinations are much more safer than the risks from the actual diseases if caught (Berger, 108). The fear of immunization for infants leads to a greater risk of its development causing the child to become sick easily and have a higher chance of developing an autism spectrum disorder. Nutrition plays a huge role in an infant’s development and is the most important factor to its growth. Breast milk is a nutritional source of food and energy for an infant at its early stages in life. It isShow MoreRelatedHow did Descartes Explain the Relationship between Mind and Body? 1092 Words   |  5 Pages Across the years, many scientists and philosophers believed that a human being is made up by mind and body (Radner, 1971). Some of them believed that the mind-soul is something different from the body and each of them works by themselves without any interaction between them (Radner, 1971). The other point of view said that body and mind works together as a unity and mutually influences each other and the result is the human being. This view had been held by great figures like the Greek philosopherRead MoreEssay on A challenge to Materialism1118 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophy of mind-body dualism. I will begin by addressing the framework of Cartesian dualism. Then I will examine the problems of individuation and identity as they relate to Descartes. Hopefully, after explaining Descartes’ reasoning and subsequently offering my response, I can show with some degree of confidence that the issues of individuation and identity offer a challenge to the Cartesians’ premise o f mind-body dualism. Before diving into a critical examination of these two issues, it wouldRead MoreDualism And Personalism985 Words   |  4 Pagesphilosophy that hypothesizes our mind is more then just our body. Dualists all deny that the mind is the same as the brain. In contrast Personalism is a philosophy that says our mind and body are one and the same. Personalists regard personhood as the fundamental notion that which gives meaning to all reality. We will explore their differences through their impact on abortion, death and politics. Dualism is a philosophy that in its most basic form holds that the mind is comprised of a nonphysicalRead Moresituation in ethic Essay1383 Words   |  6 Pagesfundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind and language.The influences of philosophy and physiology are discover by ancient Greeks such as Aristotle and Plato. In the seventeenth century, Rene Descartes suggested the concept of dualism in which the mind and body exist as two separate entities. Descartes believed that the interaction between mind and body created the experience of reality. Physiology and Philosophy is established under school ofRead MoreThe Mind And Body Problem1046 Words   |  5 PagesDecember 13, 2014 PHILO 1100-091 The Mind and Body Problem The issue of the origins of consciousness has been a problem that has philosophers and scientists alike, puzzled for years. Is it a matter of science? Can it be explained through neurobiological processes or is it just something that simply cannot be reduced to words? Rene Descartes had struggled to explain this problem through his idea of substance dualism. This idea states that the mind and body are of two separate worlds, the physical worldRead MoreEssay about Rene Descartes1730 Words   |  7 Pages He was educated at the Jesuit college of La Fleche in Anjou. He entered the college at the age of eight years, just a few months after the opening of the college in January, 1604. At La Fleche, Descartes formed the habit of spending the morning in bed. His health was poor and he was allowed to remain in bed until 11 oclock in the morning. This habit and custom he maintained until the year of his death. While in bed he engaged in systematic meditation. During his meditations, he was struck by theRead MoreDescartes’ Arguments for the Existence of Body as Distinct from the Mind and His Justifications to Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia 1468 Words   |  6 PagesDescartes Two years after Descartes published his meditations on first philosophy, Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia wrote with questions concerning the relationship between the immaterial soul and the corporeal body- specifically how anything immaterial could produce physical effects. She was neither the first nor the last to question this practical application of Descartes’ dualism, but her questions elicited the most comprehensive attempt to answer the question. In this paper I will examine Descartes’Read MoreThe Between Mind And Body1056 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no real answer for the question about if mind and body are the same or different, a person is made of mind and body and the both have different characteristics. Rene Descartes asked the question what am I. he gives and answer to the question by saying he is a thinking thig, if the body and mind are different from one other, mind can also continue with no body because it is not import for what he is. Moreover body i s breakable and extender and mind is not breakable and non-extended, that is aRead MoreI, Myself, And My Body1222 Words   |  5 Pagesand My Body The mind is about mental processes and thought, while the body is the physical aspects of the brain. For years, philosophers have been perplexed by the mind-body problem. The mind is about mental processes and thought, while the body is the physical aspects of the brain. The mind-body problem discusses the mind and body, along with the relationship between them. Dualists and monists are the two types of people that take a stand on the issue. While Dualism may spilt mind and body, monismRead MoreHow Does Descartes Argue That Mind And Body Are Distinct?986 Words   |  4 PagesTopic: How does Descartes argue that mind and body are distinct? Is he right? Am I real, or imaginary? In the First Meditation, Rene Descartes presents the main falsehoods in which he believed during his life, and the subsequent faultiness he experienced concerning the body of knowledge. The philosopher considers that it is never too late to rethink the knowledge about his personal being from the very foundatio ns, and builds his thoughts on a certain ground starting from common things. It would be

Generational Diversity Scenarios in the for-Profit and Nonprofit Sectors Free Essays

In reading both scenarios the generational differences are very clear. In the first situation with Stan and Alex at the Davis Agency the biggest difference was the technological advances that could be under taken to improve process to deal with the client’s needs. Now Stan being an old timer is having a very difficult time trying any new ideas that cut him out of the loop. We will write a custom essay sample on Generational Diversity Scenarios in the for-Profit and Nonprofit Sectors or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though Alex conferred with Connor (who was very satisfied) on his way of doing a project Stan felt as if Alex was being insubordinate so wrote him up. Unfortunately, when dealing with older individuals that are unwilling to change you will come to an impasse and not be able to best address which way is different or haw the way things are done can be combined in an effort to satisfy both sides. Now in the second scenario you have three different individuals handling a community effort. While all three try to include older members and younger members there always seems to be someone who leaves feeling that their issues or suggestions have fallen on deaf ears. Now Rick is the one who just doesn’t really care about either side he is a busy man and wants the meetings to go without many interruptions from anyone. This way of approaching the planning of this event leaves all that is involved to try and push their ideas through and walk away feeling as if nothing has been accomplished. While Molly teds to try and find out what is on everyone’s mind she tends to alienate the younger generation whereas they feel their input is not needed. Being that the older residents have been there so long they believe they should have the most input with know the most history. Unfortunately, Barbara follows the same type of meeting style as Molly although the meetings never stay on task and nothing seems to be accomplished. In both of these scenarios the older generation feels put off by the younger generation. In addition, it is as if the older individuals feel that they have lived a long life and can’t gain any viable or solid information from the younger generation sustaining that they may actually have something valuable to provide. While looking at the issues both of these scenarios faced one must wonder what things brought forth conflict. Age and length of time within the organization played the biggest part in these conflicts. On both sides the older generation felt that the younger generation was stepping on their toes and disregarding them as unimportant and unknowledgeable. Having been with a company for some 10+ years one tends to get complacent and knows that the way they have been doing things has worked for so long why try something new. In either scenario it would have benefited both organizations to take a look at how processes could be improved by going viral (out on the World Wide Web). Cutting out some of the face to face meetings would allow more time in recruiting client’s (at the Davis Agency) and cutting down on meetings (within the Bay Street Friends). The technological advances while the older generation is afraid that something will go amiss they have to consider their clients and the people they are serving. The numerous people that one is able to reach with the advances would allow business to multiply as well as the number of donations. When dealing with generational diversity and issues one has to always approach with caution. There are various different impacts when it comes to terminating an employee, due to the laws in place and the EEOC one must be sure that the reasons for terminating any employee do not have to do with Race, Age, Sex, or Religion. A company could get into very serious trouble for firing someone due to their age. I believe in the scenario of Stan and Alex the age difference is a problem in the way of thinking and dealing with clients. When Stan wrote Alex up for insubordination it was not because Alex didn’t perform his job exceedingly and abundantly well it was that he circumvented Stan’s procedure to be included and see the project. Now one could say that Alex over steeped his bounds yet we must remember that Connor (now running the company) felt that this was the best way to meet the client’s needs and was very impressed. Both of the scenarios made very valid points for the Veterans and Gen-Xer’s yet they failed to find a common ground that both sides can agree on when trying to generate business or donations. Veteran’s can try to learn from the Gen-Xer’s by not discounting what they say and the Gen-Xer’s can try some empathy with veterans. In addition, the Gen-Xer’s shouldn’t be so quick to discount the veteran’s and what they know, there are some valuable lessons to be learned from the older generation. Although, the older generation has some very valuable input they must be willing to change with the times and allow growth whether it be for profit or nonprofit. The only way either sector can be successful is to utilize the input from both sides and come up with a collaborative effort that each side can be satisfied with. How to cite Generational Diversity Scenarios in the for-Profit and Nonprofit Sectors, Papers

Vietnamese Fate free essay sample

I will never get to meet perhaps the most influential woman in my life. If not for her decision seventeen years ago, I could still be living in the streets of Vietnam. The woman I am referring to is my birth mother. As a teenager she made the conscious decision to give me up for adoption in hopes that I might be able to find opportunities she did not haveopportunities that do not exist in Vietnam. Every night I think about what my life could have been like. Would I be literate? Would I be working in a sweatshop? Would I become a parent as a teenager like my birth mom? Think about that. I am currently the same age as my mother when she gave me up for adoption. Her life could have been mine. Life in Vietnam starkly contrasts the fast-paced life I was being brought into; however, I was still the same timorous person at heart. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnamese Fate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Throughout my early school years I was shy and had a hard time feeling confident in myself. On my first day of second grade I sat secluded at my own table because I thought I was different from everyone else. Rarely was I confident enough to raise my hand to participate. Even though I was succeeding on paper, I was truly alone. My parents probed me to participate in baseball and I am grateful they did. The diamond was the first place I felt like I fit in, and my teammates and I bonded over our competitive spirits. My childhood baseball friends became and still are my best friends, yet even on the baseball field I compared myself to others and felt as if I was not good enough. While my teachers and friends attempted to address my reclusive nature, I never disclosed the basis of my troubles. The root of my vulnerability can be traced to a phantom of my pastmy birth father. I never questioned his intentions until I needed my Vietnamese birth certificate for a school project. What I found rocked my world. The father spot was blank. Initially, I was puzzled; however, with time I felt dejected and heartbroken that the man who brought me into this world did not care enough about me to leave his name on my birth certificate. For a while I questioned others’ intentions and lost confidence in myself. At times, I felt as if my heart was shattered into a million pieces, but what I did not know was that happier times were ahead. Throughout the trials and tribulations I found comfort in my faith and family. My parents took a chance on me and brought me into their home willing to love and support me unconditionally. I am eternally appreciative for that. My most cherished memories are with my family. I remember when my mom taught me how to cook. I burned my hand touching the stove asking, â€Å"Is it hot yet?† I remember going to college basketball games with my dad and begging him to teach me how to play the next day. I remember sledding down the slopes with my little brother and sipping on hot chocolate afterwards. I am proud to say that family is and will remain at the center of my life. What brings everything full circle is my faith. I have never felt closer to God then when I was sitting atop a dormant volcano in the Galapagos. I saw the expansive sea with waves billowing and the hills and valleys exactly as God created them. While gazing into nature in its purest form, I began to reflect on the ser ies of unlikely events that created the foundation of who I am today. In that moment I realized that life has been handing me chance after chance, and it is my job to take and run with them.

The Effects Of The Titanic Essays - Canada, United Kingdom

The Effects Of The Titanic One of the most advertised events of the 1910s was the so-called Unsinkable Titanic and its controversial sinking on April 14, 1912. When news of this British made luxury liner, weighing 46,000 gross tons reached American shores the press went wild. The idea of an unsinkable ship was bewildering. Then when the ship sank on her maiden voyage the press had a second hay-day. The sinking of the Titanic was a national event. It effected the 1910s in several ways, 2 examples of this would be the death of American social icons, and the reforms made to ships technology and travel codes. (MSN Learning) The death of two admired Americans affected the 1910s by turning the sinking of the Titanic into a national affair. Mr. Isidor Straus, one of the American millionaires killed on the titanic, operated a company that engaged in blockade running for the confederate states during the American Civil War. After the war he moved to New York and obtained R.H. Macy s development. The country was deeply moved by his death. The decade of 1910 was effected by the loss of these and other social icons. (Astor Encyclopedia Titantica) The sinking of the Titanic directly contributed to the 1910s and subsequent years through reforms in ship policies and travel codes. When investigators of the shipwreck found that there were only enough lifeboats for about half of the passengers aboard many reforms were issued. Such as the maintenance of a full-time radio watch on each ship while at sea, and in international ice patrol. The reforms made travel on large sea vessels much safer in the years following the accident. (Titanic Disaster) A major national event, the sinking of the Titanic, affected the 1910s in many ways. Two of these ways are, the deaths of American icons, and the reforms on ship technology and travel codes. Social Issues

Love Survey Essays

Love Survey Essays Love Survey Paper Love Survey Paper Introduction: People struggle with the concept of love: finding it, making it last, and even the emotions that go along with feeling love. This survey was to collect data on how the perception of love being constant changes over time. Method The survey asked participants to disclose their age and gender. Those who did not were void. There were six true or false questions. The last question asked participants to describe love in a single word. Refer to sidebar. Results: For the most part, both genders answered the same. On question one, approximately half of the surveyed males answered yes while slightly more women answered true. A high proportion of people agreed love exists after death. On questions three and four, most people answered false. More males answered false to love at first sight, while slight above half the females surveyed though it happens. Over 8- in-I people agreed to question six. There was a clear divide in age differences. Men below the ge of twenty and above the age of forty tended to have pessimistic views on love, even defining love as treacherous and disastrous. Women of ages 14-16 had the most optimistic views of love, stating it was fun and exciting. Many people of a wide range of ages and both genders listed God as their definition of love. Conclusion: Peoples perception of love and its constancy vary based off of age and gender. Roughly half of people are optimistic about love and the other half pessimistic. For the most part, men tend to be pessimistic, and women lean towards optimistic outlooks. An interesting follow-up research question would be: How do people define love? The Survey Love Constancy Survey Age Gender MIF TIF Love lasts forever. TIF Love exists after death TIF To love someone, you must say that you do. TIF You can love someone without knowing who he or she is. TIF Love at first sight happens. TIF Love changes over time. Love Survey By tfhunttt

Creative Accounting and Corporate Governance Essay

Creative Accounting and Corporate Governance - Essay Example at its shares acquire premium value and (c) payment of high dividends through representing profits in an inflated manner by an over-valuation of assets. Griffiths identifies several such instances where there may be deceptive financial misreporting. Some of these include the practice by so called entrepreneurial Companies to â€Å"include capital profits from the sale of properties or shares†¦.as operating profits† although these had not actually been realized and were subject to speculation; booking â€Å"unrealized capital gains as operating profit† despite the fact that some of these so called profits were generated in transactions with business associates or within the same firm. (Griffits 1990:122). In such cases, there would often be secret arrangements in place whereby the so called â€Å"buyer† in the transaction could later transfer the assets back to the seller, just after the period when the balance sheet had to be generated. Other similar means employed were the reporting of the net profits of associated Companies as a part of their own profits, and keeping an ownership level of the Company at 4 9 percent, such that group accounts did not have to be consolidated and debts could remain unreported, thereby giving rise to a deceptive perception about its capital structure (Griffiths, 1992: 123). Creative Accounting is therefore a deceptive accounting practice that leaves room for unethical financial practices. In the case of Maxwell Communications Corporations, the Company produced a set of accounts that looked very healthy, yet a few months subsequently, the Company experienced a financial collapse. Pension funds available in the Company were being diverted to purchase companies which the Chairman Maxwell was interested in. Some of the means that were utilized by Maxwell to hide this diversion of funds included inconsistencies in the reporting of extraordinary expenses and exceptional items. Additionally, debt was disguised as equity and this executed

Literature and demographics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature and demographics - Essay Example This essay "Literature and demographics" outlines the connection between demographics, social structure and literature. America has the most diverse demographics with a population of more than 400 million out of which 30 million individuals belong to different parts of the world (State). They speak numerous languages and practice different beliefs. Millions of new individuals arrive every year in the United States which ultimately makes the demographics of the country more appreciable. These diverse groups of people actually have a direct impact over the art and literature of the country. Therefore the American literature is recognized as the most glamorous and exciting piece of art which perfectly portrays the lifestyle of people and the different modes of their culture. In broader terms the significant components of American demographics can be explained as following (State): †¢ America is categorized among the most advanced nations with more than 50% urban population which indicates that the city life in the country has substantially more value than the rural life. †¢ The population is around 2% i.e. in relation with the number of births per woman. †¢ The number of females is more than the number of males. Research indicates that there is a low birth rate of females as compared to males which is contributing to higher number of female population. †¢ One-fourth of the population is under the age of 20 years. †¢ There are people from all around the world i.e. from Arab countries, Europe, Africa, etc. The social structure is divided among different classes having different proportion as per the overall population. For instance, the capitalist constitute only 1% whereas upper middle class have 15% proportion of the population. Apart from this the working class and the lower middle class have the highest percentage i.e. 30% In the 18th and 19th century the American population had a significant proportion of slaves although the concept of slavery was prevailing in the rural areas only however, it was also one of the major divisions of the social classes. With the economic and technological advancements the slaves ultimately diminished from the demographics of the America and what remained back does not constitute a greater proportion (Douglass). â€Å"A Narrative on the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† is the most distinctive and widely accepted piece of American lit erature which tells the real life story of a slave who later became world renowned author. The story basically demonstrates the demographics of early 19th century when slavery was extensively practiced in Maryland. It is located in the mid-Atlantic region of America, where some of the elite families used to live along with their slaves. These were the Native Americans masters and slaves were particularly recognized by their surnames. The author has expressed his real experiences in the story which carry great authenticity. The social structure of Maryland at that time was divided among the elite class and slaves. There was no concept of working or middle class families. This was actually the driving force which compelled the masters to act highly ignorant towards their slaves. Frederick Douglass was born in a dark colored family which actually created lot problems in his life reflecting that there was a significant discrimination on the basis of color. The gap between the two social classes was so wide that the black children were not

Democratic Mechanisms and Political Risks to Waging War Essay - 1

Democratic Mechanisms and Political Risks to Waging War - Essay Example â€Å"The relation between military organization and the civilian environment can be shaped in different ways: in some countries, the civilians are executing firm oversight over the armed forces, whereas in some other countries the military can perform its duties regarding national security in its own, autonomous way, if not even in the way where the military imposes its principles of governance over the citizens. In the contemporary society, the last, i.e. military-dominated political systems are rare†(Jelusic,2007). But at the same time, Shultz (1999) points out that within democratic mechanisms, the political leaders tend to face higher political cost to waging war and therefore the threat to war is often resisted by the target nation. Indeed, the wider ramifications of threats by democratic state are less likely to be taken seriously by rogue nations than by threats from non-democratic states. However, history is witness to the fact that this is not always true. Moreover, according to Jelusic the idea more common are civilian-dominated political systems, in which civilian political leaders control the military in very authoritative way, or where the whole civilian environment through the channels of the democratic control over the military imposes the tasks, the execution of tasks and respect for democracy in the inner-military organizational structures. America’s war against Iraq was fought not for political leverage but for personal gain vis-à  -vis access to the vast resources of oil and gas (Habermas, 2006). The democratic constraints and reasons for waging war have therefore become increasingly contentious issues that need to be looked from the wider perspectives of emerging new equations of political economy that has redistributed wealth and created new power structure. Globalization has brought huge changes not only in the economic circles, but also in the political circles.

Effect Of UV Rays On Pool Chlorine Biology Essay

Effect Of UV Rays On Pool Chlorine Biology Essay Pools have always been a source of leisure for Australians. They provide enjoyment and good times for many households generated in a family or local swimming pool. Despite this, pools have to be maintained by using chemicals or disinfectants, lest unwanted pathogens create health hazards. However, the over use of these chemicals can also result in health hazards such as; serious irritation and breathing problems. A balance or equilibrium, therefore, must be achieved to maintain suitable conditions. This is where chemistry comes into play. The main type of chemicals used in pools to prevent unwanted pathogens is pool chlorine. Sodium hypochlorite is a commonly used as pool chlorine. It was discovered by Louis Pasteur in the late 19th century that sodium hypochlorite had disinfectant properties. Sodium hypochlorite effectively kills bacteria, viruses and fungi. When pool chlorine is added to water, a reaction takes place where hypochlorus acid is formed. In the past, most consumer chlorine bleach was sold in a 5.25% solution. Today, some more concentrated solutions are being sold and touted as an improvement over the less concentrated bleaches. To check for the concentration of the pool chlorine, excess potassium iodide is to be added to it and then it is to be titrated with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. The concentration of the liquid chlorine is then to be calculated using stoichiometry. The net ionic equations of the chemical reactions are: Source: Chemistry In use Book 2 There are also many factors that affect the effectiveness of pool chlorine such as sun radiation. Ultra-violet (UV) light degrades hypochlorous acid to hydrochloric acid (HCl). Ultraviolet (UV) radiation not only destroys light sensitive chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), it also has the potential to significantly degrade the structural integrity of the storage tank or IBC containing the light sensitive material.   According to the NSW  Ministry of Health  (2010) roughly 1/3 of free chlorine exposed to UV lights in a outdoor swimming pool is destroyed every hour. UV light therefore lowers the concentration of the disinfection component of free chlorine. In this experiment, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite in pool chlorine, left under a UV lamps for different periods of times, was measured. Aim: To investigate the effects of Ultra Violet (UV) rays on sodium hypochlorite (a bleaching agent used commonly in pools). 2.0 Hypothesis: As pool chlorine is left for longer periods of time under UV rays, the concentration of the pool chlorine will decrease. This was hypothesised as the theory suggests that UV rays degrade the component in pool chlorine which allows it to disinfect bacteria. 3.0 Equipment/Material Material Diluted Sodium hypochlorite Sodium thiosulfate Potassium iodide Starch indicator Boiling water Equipment 2 x 100 mL Beaker 5 x 250 mL Beaker 15 x 100 mL Flask 2 x 1L Volumetric flask 1 x 500 mL Volumetric flask 1 x 100mL Measuring cylinder 2 x 20mL Measuring cylinder 3 x Funnel 5 x 20 mL Pipette 2 x 1mL Pipette 3 x Stirring rod Senior Balance Burette and stand UV Lamp Permanent marker Stopwatch 4.0 Safety To prevent any harm to the group during this experiment, safety precautions were taken to ensure the safety of the members. Refer to Appendix A for MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet). Lots of glassware was used Refrain from holding too many pieces of glassware at once. Clean up glass immediately if any is broken. Handle boiling water with care Boiling water was used to create a solution of starch. Beaker tongs were used to carry the boiling water. Potassium iodide is irritating to eyes and skin Avoid contacting without gloves. Wash with water if contact occurs. Sodium thiosulfate is irritating to eyes and skin Avoid contacting without gloves. Wash with water if contact occurs. Starch gives skin discomfort Avoid contacting without gloves. 5.0 Procedure Refer to Appendix 1 for preparation of solutions Preparation of titration A burette and stand was filtered with the sodium thiosulfate solution. The burette was filled up with the sodium thiosulfate solution to around the 0mL mark. 100mL of diluted sodium hypochlorite was poured into 5 individual 250mL beakers. These beakers were labelled 0min, 15m, 30m, 1hr, 3hrs and 4hrs. All the beakers, except the 0min beaker, were placed under the UV lamp for the amounts of time labelled on them. At this point the stopwatch was started, once the samples had reach the specified time they were taken out. For each time sample, 20mL was measured with a pipette and placed into 3 100mL flasks. 10mL of potassium iodide solution and 2mL of starch indicator solution were prepared prior to every titration. Titration The mark of where the sodium thiosulfate solution in the burette was recorded before the titration occurred. 10mL of potassium iodide solution was added to each time sample of 20mL sodium hypochlorite solution in the 100mL flasks. The new solution was left until it has completed reacted (when the solution turns light yellow). The solution was then titrated until it turned a very pale yellow. 2mL of starch indicator solution was added to the titrating solution. This should make the solution a dark blue/black colour. Titration continued at a slower rate until the solution had turned clear. Record the finishing titre mark on the burette. These steps were repeated 3 times for each time sample (total of 18 titrations). Figure 1: Diagram of titration in progress. 6.0 Results Table 1: Table showing the amount of sodium thiosulfate solution added to sodium hypochlorite and potassium iodide solution at different times left under the UV ray. Refer to Appendix 2 for initial volume and final volume calculations and averages. Time (mins) Volume (mL) Average of 3 titrations 0 23.35 15 22.95 30 22.51 60 18.35 180 16.03 240 12.70 Table 2: Table showing the concentration of pool chlorine Refer to appendix 3 for converting of average volume of titration to concentration. Amount of time left under UV lamp (mins) Concentration of OCl (M) 0 0.03250 15 0.03198 30 0.03131 60 0.02558 180 0.02234 240 0.01770 Figure 1: Graph showing the concentrations of pool chlorine left under a UV lamp for different periods of time. 7.0 Discussion An experiment design was made to test and compare the effects of UV rays on pool environments, particularly on the impacts of chlorine concentration. In doing this, a total of 18 pool chlorine samples were put under a UV lamp for different periods of time. The concentrations of the chlorine when left untouched by UV rays were stable at around 0.03M. By exposing the pool chlorine samples to ultraviolet lights for given periods of time, the concentration of the chlorine decreased. The graph shows that as the sodium hypochlorite is more exposed to UV rays, the lower concentration of the pool chlorine was. A line of best fit was drawn to display the trend in the data. It showed that there is a linear relationship between the concentration and time left under a UV lamp. The data collected agrees with the theory that UV rays disrupt the structural integrity of the pool chlorine. The photodecomposition of chlorine is apparent as the initial levels of hypochlorite ion decreased by a signific ant amount when exposed to sunlight. The photochemical reaction that represents the situation of the experiment is: The main errors of the experiment were the inaccuracies of most aspects dealt with when implementing the experiment. One anomaly occurred when one sample of chlorine was left under the UV lamp for 60minutes. There is a major drop in concentration from 30min. This suggests that there was experimental error during the investigation. 8.0 Conclusion The results collected from this experiment suggest that the more pool chlorine is subject to UV lights, the lower the concentration of the chlorine will be. It has partially supported the hypothesis Bibliography Deb Smith, D. R. (2006). Chemistry in use Book 2. Sydney: Queensland Chemistry syllabus. Date retrieved: 05/09/12 Fletcher, D. J. (N/D). (The Sodium Hypochlorite Story). Retrieved September 5, 2012, from south shore gunite pools: http://www.southshoregunitepools.com/resources/htms/naocl.htm Gina A. Ishida, B. à ·. (N/D). IMPACT OF CHLORINE AND MONOCHLORAMINE ON ULTRAVIOLET. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC: N/A. Date retrieved: 05/09/12 N/A. (N/D, N/D N/D). Chlorination of pool water. Retrieved September 6, 2012, from pested: http://www.pested.msu.edu/resources/bulletins/pdf/2621/e2621chap7.pdf N/A. (1968). Stabiliser (Cyanurate) Use in Outdoor Swimming Pools. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from NSW Government Health: http://www.health.nsw.gov.au/utilities/copyright.asp Appendices Appendix A Going to add MSDS later†¦ Appendix 1 Diluting sodium hypochlorite 100mL of sodium hypochlorite was measured and put into a 1000mL volumetric flask. The flask was filled with distilled water up to the 1L mark The flask was inverted several times Sodium thiosulfate solution 8.82g of sodium thiosulfate was placed into a 1L volumetric flash The flask was filled with distilled water up to the 1L mark The flask was inverted several times Potassium iodide solution 5g of potassium iodide was weighed and placed into a 250mL beaker Distilled water was poured until it reached 105g on the scale The solution was thoroughly mixed Starch solution 1g of starch indicator was weighed and placed into a 250mL beaker 100mL of water was boiled and placed into the 250mL beaker The solution was thoroughly mixed and was left to cool down All solutions were labelled with the name of the solution, the concentration, a group members name and the teachers name. Appendix 2 Initial volume and final volume of sodium thiosulfate left under a UV lamp at different periods of time. 0 min 23.35-0.04 15 min 45.63-23.29 30min 22.34-0.07 = 23.31mL =22.34mL =22.27mL 46.76-23.31 23.04-0.14 44.78-22.32 = 23.45mL =22.90mL =22.46mL 23.54-0.13 46.66-23.04 23.01-0.21 =23.29mL =23.62mL =22.80mL Avg = = = =23.35mL =22.95mL =22.51mL 60 min 41.22-23.01 3 hour 15.62-1.23 4hours 13.23-0.12 =18.21mL =14.39mL =13.11mL 18.62-0.33 30.59-15.62 26.35-13.23 =18.29mL =14.97mL =13.12mL 37.26-18.72 49.32-30.59 38.21-26.35 =18.54mL =18.73mL =11.86mL Avg = = =18.35mL =16.03mL =12.70mL

The Evolution of Capital Punishment Essay -- Death Penalty

The Evolution of Capital Punishment Ever since there has been crime, there has been punishment. One form of punishment that has existed since the beginning of society is capital punishment. As crime and societies have evolved over time, so have capital punishment, its forms, and its reasons for use. Capital punishment is defined as the execution or death for a capital offense. (Hill & Hill 1995: 75) A capital offense is defined as being any criminal charge that is punishable by the death penalty. (Hill & Hill 1995: 75) A capital offense usually means that no bail will be allowed. Capital punishment has existed since the earliest civilizations such as the ancient Greeks, Romans, and even the English have existed. Death sentences were not only carried out centuries ago, but they were also given out as sentences in formal courts. In ancient Greece, the death penalty was ordered for what are known as minor crimes in modern day living. The rules of Rome were not much more merciful to say the least. Starting a fire or even disturbing the peace after dark could fuel such a verdict as death by fire or worse. And finally in England, there were over 200 offenses that could be punishable by death. (Landon 1992: 9) The English, were in fact, the main reasons as to why the death penalty exists in America. Capital punishment became a very important part of the written rules at the time of the first wave of colonists that arrived in America. The rules varied from colony to colony although the rules remained quite similar all the same. (Landon 1992: 10) The death penalty in very early America was the end result of a murderous conviction the majority of the time although it was put to use for many other crimes. Due to the fact that there was no separation of power between the church and the American government and the fact that a simple accusation could cost somebody their life, the 8th and then later on, the 14th amendments were created. The 8th amendment states that â€Å"Excessive bail or fines and cruel punishment are prohibited. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† The 14th amendment then states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or... ...t is awfully convenient to be able to go both ways on such a subject. It is fascinating to be able to notice the evolution of such an important subject in our history and how it is still changing. It is worth noting that the death penalty is not simply the most serious criminal punishment there is to offer, but is has and is still a social, moral, and legal problem in society. It was a problem 200 years ago and still is today. It is a subject that all people most likely will not be able to come to an agreement on, but it is one that will continue to evolve so all we can do for now is watch and see. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hill, Gerald N., and Kathleen Thompson Hill. Real Life Dictionary of the Law. Los Angeles, General Publishing Group, Inc., 1995 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zimering, Franklin E., and Gordon Hawkins. Capital Punishment and the American Agenda. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Berns, Walter. For Capital Punishment: Crime and the Morality of the Death Penalty. New York, Basic Books Inc., 1979 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Landon, Elaine. Teens and the Death Penalty. Hillside, Enslow Publishers, 1992 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herda, D.J. Furman v. Georgia. Springfield, Enslow Publishers, 1994